System Construction: The Key To Success Of Shanxi Merchants

The success of Shanxi Merchants lies in training and attracting a large number of business savvy and knowledge reserves.

The system construction of Shanxi Merchants is one of the core secrets of Shanxi Merchants' success.

The system includes corporate governance system and internal system.

shareholding system

The shareholding system of Shanxi Merchants is the result of long-term evolution. The separation of the two powers makes the owners of capital and those without funds play their full role.

Before the joint-stock system, the loan system, the partnership system and the partnership system had already appeared.

The buddy system in the late Ming Dynasty was the predecessor of the stock system.

The buddy system consists of one or more people who invest and hire their friends to build on the basis of mutual trust based on blood relationship and geopolitical ties.

Shareholding shares are divided into silver shares and body stocks.

Silver shares are the capital of the eastern family, and the owners assume unlimited liabilities.

The silver shares are divided into original and duplicate copies, the original is the contract capital, and the number of shares varies according to the scale of the number of the votes. The number of shares per share is 1 yuan or 2 cents per share, and the number of shares per share is 2000 two silver, the share price is 10 cents per share, the owner of silver shares enjoys permanent benefits, the father dies, and the husband dies his wife.

A copy is also known as a security book. He has two kinds. One is the capital of the bank in addition to the original, and the other is the bonus of the employees who have been assigned to the master's office, the shopkeeper and the top body stock.

The shareholding system of Shanxi merchants has the characteristics of the modern shareholding system: first, the realization of the stock ownership diversification and the relatively large shareholder holding the relative shares; and the two is the separation of the two rights, namely the separation of ownership and management right.

Under the system of separating two powers, the owners decide the appointment and share of the large treasurers, and decide the settlement and distribution of each account. They decide to expand investment, reward and punish employees and undertake unlimited liability. The "big business" has the final say of the "big business" and the daily management of the big shopkeeper. The owners should not ask questions, nor do they recommend the number to the bank. Especially, the three masters (young masters, uncle and uncle) are not allowed to enter the bank.

Such a system played an important role in the development of Shanxi merchants, but the power and responsibility in the separation of the two powers were asymmetrical. Especially the big shopkeeper had the right to benefit, but it was not responsible for it. There was mutual trust between the owners and the big shopkeeper. The system was effective with faith and the authority of the owners. The system was effective, but in the Late Jin Dynasty, when the conditions did not exist or weakened, the enterprises would have problems, which was also a cause of decline.

Internal business operation management system

Why is it that modern banks can't compete with the number of banks in preventing insider defeats?

The institutionalization of an enterprise's management and operation first depends on the setting up of its internal organizational structure. The principle of organizational structure design is to adapt to the needs of business and the internal departments' powers are not crossed nor omitted.

The designers of ticket number did not learn modern management theory, but theory came from practice.

The branch management system of headquarters is mainly through unified management, assessment system and reporting system.

Shanxi enterprises implement the general branch system, and the total number is located in Shanxi, with branches all over the country and abroad.

The total number carries on the centralized management to the semicolon, from the opening of the semicolon, the operation, the personnel disposition, the fund, the income and so on to the total number dispatch, implements the unified system, the unified management, the unified accounting, the unified fund dispatch.

The total number controls the semicolon, the first is the appraisal system, and the two is the reporting system.

The total number of the semicolon should be assessed according to the principle of "making good use of the fatigue account" and giving no penalty for the loss.

The reporting system consists of two kinds, namely written report and oral report. There are five kinds of reports in the written report: positive report, attached report, row City, narrative report and year-end report. The oral report is the daily face report supervisor, the annual two big shopkeeper (or commissioned officer) inspection, the number of the branch, the front desk report, the shift to the total number report, etc.

The system of bank mortgage in the number of bills has evaded the risk of the operation level. Such a system and effective risk control measures have guaranteed the interests of both the bank and the client. In the more than 100 years of the Shanxi ticket number, there has been few incidents of fraud.

First of all, from the total number to each semicolon, a special person writes the draft with a writing brush, and writes the font of the writer to the total number and the semicolons for reservation.

In this way, all the officers can identify the true and false according to the reserved records.

If you need to change the writing staff, you must report the font to the total number and the semicolons immediately after the replacement.

Secondly, after the bill has been written, the seal must be stamped. There are characters in the middle of the seal, with small characters on the periphery, so as to prevent counterfeiting.

At the same time, the amount and time of the draft are coded.

Only the person with the tick number can identify it, and the bearer does not know it. This is the so-called "recognition of votes and no recognition of people".

In the course of operating the exchange, the Shanxi draft also created a code of Chinese characters as the date of issue and the number of silver, and the machine density was very high.

The printed linen paper of a bill of exchange is marked with watermark. The paper, style and watermark of each ticket number are different. Only those who have the number of bills can identify it, so it is difficult to counterfeit bills of exchange.

Finally, the Shanxi draft also formulated the "35 day cash payment" and the "draft system" after payment.

The meaning of this system is that after the ticket is paid, the number of the customers will be occupied for 3 to 5 days without any compensation. On the one hand, the bank will have the time to prepare the money after seeing the ticket, and on the other hand, it is also for the sake of safety insurance.

For a person holding a bill of exchange, it is certainly good to pay at sight, but if a bill is stolen or lost, it will be taken away if it is too late to report it.

The "35 day payment" has made time for the bearer to report the loss. Meanwhile, the "bill of exchange is burning" has done the absolute secrecy of the tick number and maintained the credibility of the tick.

The capital management system of the ballot number is adjusted by the surplus and deficiency between the semicolons, and is flexibly allocated. On the one hand, it ensures the smooth progress of the deposit, remittance and remittance, and at the same time, makes full use of the funds.

There are many semicolons in Shanxi, but due to the different economic conditions in different regions, the cash dividends and the market prices of each bank are different.

There are some cash surpluses, money can not be put out, funds are idle, some cash is short, interest rates rise but no money can be put.

Therefore, the Shanxi draft bank effectively solved the contradiction by using the method of "taking care of the surplus, reducing the cost and moving quickly".

{page_break}

The management system of the invoice number, according to the current situation to adjust the scale and dot, effectively avoid the risk of blind expansion.

According to the change of operating cost, the Shanxi draft number carries out the timely lifting and lowering of the interest rate of deposit and loan and the catchment (the income from the operation of the ticket number is the remittance fee, that is, catchment).

For example, when the interest rate rises during the festival, it is prudent for the exchange to be stored and not allowed to be greedy. When the semicolon is opened, it will only be used for remittance, and then store it after being familiar with the market.

When the Eight Allied forces invaded China, the big shopkeeper of sun rising Chang promptly cancelled the semicolons of Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hankou, Zhangjiakou, Kaifeng and other places, and dismissed employees to avoid greater losses caused by the war.

In addition, a profit distribution system called "prepaid care" has been formulated and implemented, that is to say, at the time of each dividend, a portion of the fund should be extracted from profits according to a certain proportion to establish a risk fund, and a special fund should be stored. Once a major accident occurs, it can be used as a safeguard to maintain normal operation.

excitation mechanism

The reason why Shanxi Merchants succeed is that there is a fairly perfect incentive mechanism. What is its incentive mechanism? We say that the income of Shanxi merchants can be divided into two parts, one income is called "fixed income", then this fixed income is divided into two parts, one is that you work in the ticket number, you wear, you eat, you use, everything is given to you by the vote number, the implementation of the "supply system".

There is an article that a posterity of a ticket number recalls the treatment of his father during the ticket number. He says that the treatment is very good, for example, he eats meat every day at noon, and basically has wine. In winter, he returns to yellow rice wine. The food he eats in the ticket number is basically not half heavy for a half month.

It should be worn very well, summer is silk and winter is wool.

Others, for example, you work in the field, you have to come back to visit your relatives, you ride the car or take a boat, all the expenses are paid by the bank.

What do we call this? It's called the supply system. The supply system is fairly well treated.

Then another fixed income is called "Xin Jin". This is the salary we say. Then when do you start? Usually, the first year is 22 silver, the second year is 42 silver, and then the silver rises to one hundred and twenty silver after working for fourteen years.

What is the concept of one hundred and twenty silver? The historian calculates that in general, the one or two silver at the time was equivalent to two hundred dollars now, that is, one hundred and twenty silver is a fixed salary of one year, that is, twenty thousand dollars, which is to allow you to feed your family.

We say this is part of the income.

Then another part of the income is called "body share system".

This body share system is a special creation in the Shanxi merchants. The so-called body share system, that is, the shares in the Shanxi Merchants' vote number, has two titles. One is the silver share mentioned earlier, that is, the money that the family owns, the capital that is called the silver share, and the so-called "body share", which is called body stock. This body stock is not spent on money, what is it? What is it for the owner? What can I do for you?

For example, if we make a total profit of 1 million this year, we can make it clear when we signed the contract this year. There were 60 or 2 million of them in the market, and then they got the money from their owners, and then they divided the shares into 60 yuan and two banks. The remaining 40 or two hundred silver shares were paid by employees. For example, there were 100 shares in the stock market, 40 or 60 silver coins, and four thousand and two hundred shares.

They are divided according to this way, then how much you divide depends on how many shares you have, and then decide how much you divide.

This body share system is also known as "full bonus", that is, all employees are involved in dividends, that is to say, according to the size of your stock, you decide how much dividends you share.

The stock of the big shopkeeper is fixed by the eastern family. Other employees' body stock is determined by the big shopkeeper. The general shopkeeper can be divided into 10 points, two shopkeeper 9 points, three shopkeeper 8 points; others according to the duty reduction, also has 1 points; the apprenticeship does not give.

An ordinary employee, the body share is three per cent, an average of 1075 to two silver per year.

That is the strong evidence of the folk proverb of "people who open shops and have strong knowledge of Shanxi".

Employment mechanism

The employment principle of Shanxi Merchants is to use the township instead of the pro, the best sponsor and the promotion.

To use the countryside without relatives and to use the countryside is to strengthen the cohesiveness of the local people, not to make relatives strictly in order to manage the system strictly, especially without the three masters (Master, uncle, uncle); the best choice is to select the best talents; the sponsor is to implement the guarantee system; the person who uses must have a certain status guarantee; the problem of the insured is held by the sponsor; the promotion is to break the rules and make the appointment for the best.

The talent training system of the Shanxi Merchants - the apprenticeship system has trained a steady stream of talents for Shanxi merchants.

There are three links in apprenticeship: selection, learning and practice.

Selection: choose the person who has the future. The criteria include external and internal quality.

The apprenticeship is 15~20, five feet tall (1.7 meters or more), with good features, generous manners, good manners, good abacus, a certain cultural foundation, regular script, no fear of hardship, and can travel far away.

Besides, there must be a family name, shop or shop guarantee.

Study: new recruits need three years of apprenticeship: in the first year, they carry out three teapots (teapots, kettles, urinals) for the shopkeeper, water, sweep the floor, do odd jobs, wait for the shopkeeper, and do not have seats.

This year, it is more important to examine the professional and personal morality and to see how the apprentice is handled. If the apprentice is cleaning up himself, he will put the silver in his pocket. He will leave the apprentice in the future. His conduct is very important in the exchange of money and this way with silver. He will observe his work attitude and his way of life. Moral training this year should be "heavy faith, hypocrisy", "lustfulness" and "moral integrity".

Second years into business learning, including cultural courses (four books, five classics, Mongolian, Russian, etc.), business courses (abacus, commercial performance.

Accounting, business correspondence, etc.

In the past third years, I learned to do business with teachers (veteran workers) on the counter.

It is not allowed to go home within three years.

Basically, the ladder of "apprentice, master and shopkeeper" is formed, which not only motivates the staff to struggle, but also commands the upper and lower command, and has the high executive power.

restraint mechanisms

Shanxi merchants use traditional Confucian culture to establish their own binding mechanism. These ideas have also become the core of Shanxi business culture.

For Jin merchants, it is fortunate that Chinese traditional culture can be used as the basis for moral restraint. Confucian culture has three characteristics that are conducive to the establishment of a binding mechanism: emphasizing that there are other classes and obedience concepts in the sense of honor and distinction, "kings, ministers, fathers, sons", and those who obey them; and that the nature of greed in restraint of human instincts is a supreme virtue, and loyalty is the core of ethics and morality.

The constraint mechanism is based on the principle of employing people.

To use the countryside without relatives, to use the countryside is to facilitate restraint. When the scope of human activities is limited and the family concept is strong, everyone's behavior should take into account the influence on his family and relatives.

Family interests are the constraints of a person's behavior.

It is also an effective constraint to admit the apprentice, and the guarantor is responsible for all the acts of the insured. The internal behavior of Jin Merchants is usually referred to as "paving rules" or "rules".

There are "ten prohibits", no family members, no prostitutes, no prostitutes, no gambling, no opium, no malpractice, no privacy, no private savings, no corruption, theft, no slack, no fights, and some money rules are not allowed to marry a foreign woman.

You know the rules are so strict, why are employees willing to execute? We say it is because the incentive mechanism we introduced before is very effective, that is to say, I work well in the ticket number, according to my performance, according to my position, my body stock is increasing constantly, and I share more red.

The ticket number is ready, so I earn more money, so he is willing to be bound by it and work hard in the ticket number.